Virtue Ethics Criticsm Essay Example for Free

Virtue Ethics Criticsm EssayThe biggest criticism of Virtue Ethics is that it doesnt give unload guidance on how to act in specific circumstances. It cannot tell us what the law should be about abortion, euthanasia, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis etc. It gives no clearly answer to questions such as Is the environment intrinsically valuable?. The lack of moral rules or a method of addressing dilemmas is the main conceren here, but there is excessively uncertainty about how you decide on what the virtues atomic number 18. Many critics say Virtue Ethics simply doesnt do the job of an respectable theory. There are numerous responses to this.There are no absolute answers to these questions, MacIntyre takes this view that modern ethics has distanced itself from real people and real issues by debating fine legalistic points which they will never rival on. Virtue Ethics asks a much more important question what sort of person should I be? This question may have incompatible answers depending where and when it is asked, but it gives real direction and purpose to people.Nussbaum says that there are absolutes. However, it is virtues that have value, not rules. We should strive for Justice, Wisdom, Temperance etc. rather than looking for absolute rules. When intellection about whether to go to war, there are no absolute rules (You must not kill an innocent person, for example, is seen as impractical as all wars legislate to innocent people dying). However, we have elected a croaker who we want to act justly, to be temperate, to have wisdom etc.Issues such as embryo Research depend a lot on answers to questions such as When does an embryo/foetus become a person? These questions cannot be answered by ethical theories. MacIntyre would say that to move forward in these issues, we need to better understand the context. For example, we are a society where thousands of embryos die at various stages of the IVF process. There is thence a contradiction between our societys comfortable response to IVF and the often violent negative reaction to embryonic stem-cell research. When approaching these issues, we should aim to respond with wisdom, right ambition, graveness etc.Virtue Ethics responds confidently to many of these criticisms by drawing attention to the failings of deontological theories and consequentialist positions (GEM Anscombe coined the phrase consequentialism in her 1958 article Modern Moral Philosophy which attacked contemporary ethical theories for being out of touch with the real world. This article may have been largely responsible for the resurrgence of interest in Virtue Ethics).There are other criticisms, though. For example, Virtue Ethics rejects moral absolutes such as Do not lie, but then values the virtue of honesty. Critics claim that the virtues are sincerely another way of stating moral rules, and that the virtues depend on the existence of these rules. Honesty is precisely a virtue because it is wrong to lie. This sort of criticism can lead to a circular debate, but it is actually the biggest threat to the virtue theorist.

Chicboy Marketing Plan Essay Example for Free

Chicboy Marketing Plan EssayChic-Boy is a new trademark and pedigree model of Pier One Bar and Grill Holdings Corporation, the company shtup the successful Pier One Bar and Grill restaurant chain in the Philippines. It is a quick-service restaurant that is a cut above fast food, with a cult-like following. Our concept focuses on quality, variety and service. Chic-boys pride is its Cebu Lechon Manok and Cebu Lechon Liempo marinated and stuffed with her band spices and charcoal broiled to juicy and tasty perfection. * ObjectivesThe main objective of Chic-Boy is to go out people/ their customers with massive foods at affordable prices, provide convenience by allowing family reunions and get together. And last that not the least, one of their objectives is to expand the business by providing and allowing franchise.* THE FRANCHISOR-FRANCHISEE RELATIONSHIPFranchisor shall provide Franchisee with specifications for brands and types of any equipment, fixtures and furniture required for the Franchised Facility, The Franchisor allow for provide supplies such as products, equipment and materials previously designed and provided by the Franchisor to be used in the Franchised Facilities and services that includes, moreover is not limited to, consistent innovation and renovation of products and processes, in- workshop audit checks related to the consistent practices of hygiene, safety, and proper implementation of pre-defined pharmacy practices and methods, also training and assistance syllabus lead be split upn.* Responsibilities of the FranchiseeThe responsibility of the franchisee will focus on the continuing services and royalty fees, accounting and records, standards of quality and performance.* PRODUCTS AND SERVICESThe company offers a panoptic variety of meals such as Chiquito Meals, Chibog-Busog Meals, Cebu Lechon, Magandand Umaga Meals, Sphagetamis, Japanese, Appetizers, Merienda, Desserts, Soup, Sizzling Specials and etc. Most meals are served with h ouse soup and unlimited rice, they also offerbottomless iced tea. They also give customers fried garlic for free.* MANAGEMENT , STAFFING, STRATEGIC PARTNERS, ANG PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT* Management TeamThe owner is considered as the General Manager of one store. In any store the highest position that is handling the daily production is their respective Supervisors. .* StaffingThe newly franchised Chic-Boy outlet will be hiring 11 staffs consisting of the cooks, crews, cashiers and security guard.* Strategic Partner and superior SupportAs for strategic partner, the company will be provided with general contractors will be responsible for the store equipments, maintenance and physical attributes and design of the store, and as for professional support, an accountant to head the accounting and financial side of the company.* Gantt ChartAs for the schedule of activities of the company, Chic-Boy will have a one year preparedness before it will formally open. The given month will be from September 2012- September 2013.* OPERATIONS* Hours and Days of OperationThe proposed Chic-Boy outlet will be operating for seven (7) times a week, sixteen (16) hours a day. The store hours will be from 700 am up to 1000 pm* Layout and FacilitiesThe store will be at least 200sqm. It will have a second floor to accommodate the number of customers. The chairs and tables will be arranged as to allow the customers to still walk in between the them even if ther are a lot of customers.* Licensing, Permitting Other Regulatory IssuesGetting the required business licence and permits for Chic-Boy is a necessary step to ensure that the business is abiding the bylaws. It needs some kindof business license or permit to run the business legally. Chic-boy will get first clearance and permit before heading to the Securities and Exchange in Commission.* Operating ProceduresThe procedure will be a aboveboard process starting from the entrance of the customer followed by the purchasing of the food, consumptions of the ordered item and then leaving of the customer once done and satisfied. Then as a new customer arrives, the process starts again.* Inventory ManagementThe products of Chic-Boy will be ordered from the commissary in a daily need basis. It will be stored in the kitchen chillers to preserve good quality and freshness and to satisfy customers standards.* MARKETING* Target LocationThe franchise will be located at Dr. C. A. Aguila St. within Mendiola, Manila. Its approximate square footage is 200 sqm. , it is a well traversed path leading jeepneys and vehicles coming from recto heading to Pandacan, Sta. Ana, Makati and Pasay, vice versa. It is also surrounded by at least six (6) schools.* Marketing TargetsThe target market of Chic-boy will be students, employees and famiies. There are no age limit as to who are their target market, as long as they can still eat the meals offered by the establishment.* DistributionSince the entity proposed is not in the manufacturing i ndustry, the distribution described in the plan will be the location where the outlet will be put up thus serving the customers within the vicinity.* Competitive Environment and PositioningThe primary competitors of the Chic-Boy will be the fast food chains such as Jollibee, McDonalds and KFC that are within the same vicinity of the proposed franchise. The other food plaes are considered as secondary competitors because since both offer food, the service and type of food served is different.* Marketing Tactics and SupportThe marketing tactics and support that Chic-Boy are already whirl are simple flyer giving and posting of tarpaulins and posters. And the Chic-Boy radio they have in their own stores and outlets.* CAPITAL PLAN* Sources of FundsThe P 6,069,000 total enthronement will be funded by the 5 investors with the distribution as follows P 3,069,000 for the managing director and P 750,000 for the remaining 4 investors.* Use of FundsThe total coronation of P 6,069,000 will be used in the defrayal of rent for the land/property, Working Capital, Furniture, Fixtures, Equipments, Construction and Renovation. A fund shall be allotted for the payment of rent, because the property is leased for the furniture, fixture and equipments, this includes the aircon units, signage, tables chairs, grillers, range hood, freezers chillers, plates, utensils kitchen and restaurant supplies another allocation for the construction renovation which includes civil works, plumbing, electrical, lighting, mechanical, exhaust and fresh air and last but not the least, funds to be used as commissary deposit, franchise fee and working capital.

The Concept of Entrepreneurship

The C formerlypt of EntrepreneurshipINTRODUCTIONCONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPThe importance of the increase of enterpriserial expertnesss by every graduate screwing non be over-emphasized because g unity be the days when jobs were available everywhere both in the private and public sector of the economy and employers go about spirit for authorization employees to employ. Indeed, in the past, it is the employers that go round universities in this country to hunt for latent employees. Then there were fewer universities and low university enrolment. But today, things dep allowe changed and very drastically too such(prenominal) that umteen graduates atomic number 18 now sellers of recharge cards and some work as bus conductors. What an economic tragedy and waste The marvel of choice of job or employer is gradually being eroded each year. M some(prenominal) graduates are desperate to get any job to keep be and soul going. Indeed there is a paradigm shift in the labour market n ow. Even the professional disciplines are now fast getting into that problem of unemployment. use upment prospects for the youths are changing with a lot of increasing competition the openings are equally limited. Also, employment in the public sector is too decreasing and job prospects are diminishing by the day. Added to this ugly situation are the increasing trend of job outsourcing, casualization of labour in the oil and bobble industry and the increasing phenomenon of rightsizing of labour among big firms and corporations in the country. As a side effect, the figure of tertiary graduates who have not been able to secure the starting line employment since graduation for upward of five years is on the increase and even those with professional qualifications like MBA, ICAN, COREN, Medicine and Pharmacy are not spared from the ugly phenomenon. Others are paid peanuts if they are lucky to secure paid job. Some now fall back on their lower qualifications like WASC and OND to sec ure baseborn jobs.The recent economic melt drink also has made matters worse. Some companies are as a result operating below expected capacity. The current troubles in the financial sector, particularly the money and the neat markets and their subsequent effects on the economy, particularly on the real sector as well as the curative efforts of the CBN are very visibly glaring, instructive and challenging.Nevertheless, entrepreneurship and indeed the need for developing the requisite entrepreneurial skills have been suggested to help redress the aforementioned problems by devising people not only to be job creators but wealth creators (Midea, 2004 Izedonmi, 2009). According to Small Business Service (2005), the possession of entrepreneurial skills to create untried knowledge based social enterprises is vital to addressing social and environmental issues effectively. Our res publica cannot afford to toy with it. Our tertiary institutions essential respond fast and positively t owards entrepreneurship education. However, popular line of work skills and general knowledge are considered insufficient to turn graduates into entrepreneurs (Kisby, 2004). Hence, the need to develop specific entrepreneurship skills cannot be overemphasized .This is because entrepreneurship has been vital to creating employment and therefore a supererogatory form of employability (Moreland, 2004). both the government and the academia have been attr proceedinged to it. In particular, universities are re-designing their curricula and the ways they operate to create opportunities for the teach of their students in pr performanceical entrepreneurial skills. out-of-pocket to the way entrepreneurial programmes have assumed a global pro carriageration and dimension, it was suggested by Volkmann (2004) that it has become the major academic discipline for business education in the twenty-first century. I totally agree with him.Economic Growth And EntrepreneurshipRecent Survey Report in 2008 by the Kauffman Foundation in connection with the relationship amidst economic beginth and entrepreneurship found that all nations with high level of employment activities had above average rate of economic growth. What this translates into is that entrepreneurial deficient economy pull up stakes have low growth while entrepreneurially good economy melt downs to enjoy good growth. Hence, Government has come to recognize the importance of entrepreneurship in economic development that entrepreneurial ventures have in-built capacity to promote employment and economic growth.Literature ReviewOne of the first courses specifically addressing entrepreneurship was grounded at the Harvard Business domesticate in 1947.In the U.K, the first courses in entrepreneurship were launched in the 1980s together with the UKs first initiative for enterprise in higher education (Elton, 1991, Kirby, 1989 2005, Volkmann, 2004). Along this line, Fry (1992) remarks that entrepreneurship has been one of the fastest growing disciplines in the U.S.A in the 1990s.By the turn of the 21st century, as many as 1600 universities in the North-America were offering courses in entrepreneurship compared to merely two wads in the 1970s (Inegbenebor, 2005). The growth of entrepreneurship education and the subsequent inclusion into the curricula of universities in the United Kingdom has been attributed to the sheer need to serve the regeneration need of businesses and to set about graduates with transferable skills for businesses.iENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIAAccording to Ekanem (2005), the history and development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria started in the 1960s as supported also by some of the earlier studies such as Schatz and Edok affordi (1962), Harris (1969), Olakanpo (1968) and Akeredolu-Ale (1972). Therefore, the concept of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria is not new(a). Since the 1970s, several government agencies and institutions in the country have been engaged in di fferent aspects of fostering entrepreneurship in Nigeria, though with short-lived and varied successes. For instance, the Centre for copement Development (CMD), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), former Nigeria Industrial Development jargon (NIDB), Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI), Nigeria Youth Service Corps (NYSC), among new(prenominal)s had programmes for entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Other entrepreneurial development agencies include government sponsored entrepreneurial Development curriculum (EDP). NGOs, Nigerian Employers Consultative Association (NECA).The vigor with which it was pursued then is a different issue for our assessment. If the proofs are available even the blind and deaf can feel it. Only fools dont proof.What Does Entrepreneurship Really Entail?Basically, what entrepreneurship entails includesThe building of skills in negotiationBuilding lead skillNew product developmentCreative and progressive thinking andExposure to techno logical innovation, (Kuratko, 2003).It shows students and graduates how to believe and behave entrepreneurially. It encourages them to get involved in networking, create and manage businesses of their own and facilitate progress and success in entrepreneurial career.Entrepreneurship could satisfy status and social needs and leads to self-satisfaction and actualization.It can also meet the financial needs for the entrepreneurs and their families. In fact, entrepreneurship is a satisfying wait on even though it can be risky and whitethorn even lead to loss of wealth at times (Fry, 1992). Society-wise, entrepreneurship has made substantial impacts end-to-end history because of numerous inventions, massive job creations made through small and medium scale enterprises (SMES) in both developed and developing countries.DEFINITIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPVarious definitions have been given for entrepreneurship. For instance Inegbenebor and Igbinomwanhia (2008) say that Entrepreneurship is the process of performing the roles of an entrepreneur. It has been defined as the process of planning, operating and assuming the risk of a business venture. It may also be defined as the process of creating a clique value of pulling together a unique package of resources to exploit an opportunity. Entrepreneurship encompasses various activities which are carried out to ensure the survival and growth of the businessInegbenebor (2006) defines it as it is about bearing the skills needed to assume the risk of establishing a business. It is about developing the harming strategies and executing them with all vigour, persistence and passion needed to win any gameEkanem (2005) Entrepreneurship is the process of or capacity for organizing, operating and assuming risk for a business venture. It is dynamic risk-taking, creative and growth oriented behavior which involves the use of various resources to create wealthEkwe (1992) observes that, Entrepreneurship involves the1. ability to perceive profitable business opportunities.2. willingness to act on what is perceived and3. necessary organizing skills associated with a projectsFry (1992) says that Entrepreneurship involves action rather than static events. It involves taking action necessary to analyze opportunities to launch and/or grow business, to finance the venture and possibly even to invest the venture.Izedonmi (2009) placed entrepreneurship in a continuum form with economic entrepreneurship at the end of the continuum and social entrepreneurship at the other end. In between these you will find some varying characteristics of combinations. The process is also dynamic.In summary, the central issues in entrepreneurship involve uncertainty and risk-taking, innovation, perception and change. For instance, Drucker (1985) posits that innovation is the specification instrument of entrepreneurship. He argued further that the entrepreneurs must always change to respond to it, and exploit it as an opportunity.CHARACTERISTIC S OF A DWINDLING ECONOMYThe characteristics include naughty unemployment rateHigh inflation rate showtime average real income moo saving ratio or high consumption ratioLow levels of technologyLow levels of productivityLow per capita income and downward trend of livingHigh poverty rate of a large proportion of the populationLow economic growth ratePoorly developed financial and stock marketsHigh level corruption and instability and insecurity of lives and propertyAlthough the above factors and many others can be observed in a dwindling economy, they also provide good basis for entrepreneurial development. In fact, of these factors listed above, some can act as either pull or push entrepreneurial factors. Very often they provide good windows of opportunities for entrepreneurial-minded individuals.ROLES OF ENTRENEURSHIP IN REVIVING A DWINDLING companionshipSome of the roles includeGenerating employmentIncreases productivity through innovationFacilitates the transfer/ adoption of tech nologyEnsures increase resource utilizationStimulates growth in the bestow marketRenovates large scale enterprises and public enterprisesEncourages and sustains economic dynamism that enables an economy to adjust successfully in a rapidly changing global economy.gene linkage effects of various sections of the economy is facilitatedGenerate income and wealth occur fasterEncourages training and developmentEnsures rapid developmentDevelops indigenous entrepreneurshipProvides a training understanding for indigenous managers and semi-skilled workersReduces rural-urban migrationConstitutes a vital engine for economic growth development of a nation- increase GDPSkyrocketing of the emergence of SMES andPromotion of self-reliance and economic sustainabilityELEMENTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPEntrepreneurship may involve the following elementsIDEA GENERATION AND SCREENINGThis is actually the starting point of many new entrepreneurial ventures. Sources of ideas are many and varied. The sources notwi thstanding, the would-be entrepreneur must cultivate the habit of documenting those ideas. It should be packaged in form of feasibility report, no matter what.STARTING A BUSINESSThis could involvea. purchasing an vivacious businessb. Starting from the scratch or start-up businessc. Through Franchised. By InheritanceCREATIVITY AND INNOVATIONInnovation is the development and knowledgeability of a new product, a new process, or a new service to a market. Creativity is the link between pure imagination and the entree of an innovative product, process or service.Both are necessary ingredients for entrepreneurship. However, creativity is behind innovation. Creativity alone, does not define entrepreneurship. Creativity without innovation does not baffle results. And innovation without effective management does not produce marketable products, processes or services. Although creativity and innovation are necessary ingredients, they are not sufficient of themselves to establish successf ul entrepreneurship (Fry, 1992, Izedonmi, 2009). There must be effective and efficient administrative structure on the ground and a healthy dose of management as well.3. SEEKING FINANCINGFinancing could either be debt or equity financing, traditional or venture, internal or external capital. The would-be venture must consider financing the venture. Availability, cost and timeliness must be balanced. Starting small attracts small capital input. However, not all entrepreneurial ventures require start-up capital or equal amount eitherCreative financing is a basic tenet of entrepreneurship.A growth-oriented venture uses multiple sources of financing. You must be brisk to make your personal sacrifice in this respect. Too often, the banks will request to see your personal inputs in terms of financial commitment.Finance institutions only summate to ventures that have proven records, and history, and those ventures that are also promising economically.4. ASSUMING RISKEvery entrepreneur mu st assume one risk or the other. However, entrepreneurship is not necessarily risk-taking but risk-assuming.Corporate management deals in risk minimization, entrepreneurship deals in risk management.Corporate management too often generally tends to be risk-averse. They require to reduce risk to a minimum during production so as to be profitable. Entrepreneurship manages risk since it cannot be reduced significantly in entrepreneurial situations whether new or existing ventures.However, entrepreneurs are calculated risk-takers.Risk management involves the acknowledgement that risk exists and the actions that are taken to shift as much risk as possible to others and then control the remainder.Some risk Management ventures includeRenting rather than owning equipment and facilitiesUsing multiple sources of financing.Building an entrepreneurial team with typical skills.Undertaking multiple ventures simultaneously with varied degrees of risk.Committing a portion of the total resources t o any one project.Assigning a team member the responsibility of supervise short-term performance with the anticipation of cutting losses of early performance indicates unfavorable results.THE PULL AND PUSH ENTREPRENEURSHIP FACTORSThere are various factors (negative or positive) which tend to provide the needed motivation in getting into entrepreneurship or becoming an entrepreneur. While the negative factors are called push factors the positive factors are pull factors. Both factors provide the fundamental attraction either by necessity or by desire and opportunity into the entrepreneurial world.The push factors areUnemployment / loss of job.Dissatisfaction with pay and job situation.Discrimination and victimization by boss in work place.Middle-age crises.Divorce / widowhood.Relocation.The positive pull factors areDesire for independence.Desire for increase in wealth.Increased social status and prestige.Spouse support and motivation.Provision of market opportunity.Franchise.Provisi on of licenses by parent company.Favorable government policies etc.THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DECISIONThe entrepreneurial motivation to launch a venture has been grouped into three variables (Fry, 1992) asAntecedent variables.Triggering variables.Enabling variables.The antecedent factorsThey cause the individual to begin to consider the possibilities of entrepreneurship either consciously or unconsciously. This could take into consideration the variables listed belowCreativity.Background.Personality.Past experience.Education.Current job.Triggering factorsThese are the events or situations that specifically trigger the entrepreneurial act. They are salient life events may be quite personal , professional or for instance, financial changes in an entrepreneurs life that are perceived as very historic to entrepreneurial decision may set off the alarm to take step. They involveLoss of JobInvention or IdeaOffer from partnerentrepreneurial motivation or willingness to start a venture (M) = Ante cedent Variables (A) X Triggering Variables (T).The enabling factorsThese factors make the actual launching of the venture possible. They include opportunity and resources which are very critical to the successful launch of the venture. The likelihood of a venture launch is made up of these three factors combined. Our youths look outside instead of looking inward. Those who look inward first tend to travel faster on the outside. Several entrepreneurial opportunities exist in the environment. They need to look well to strike some opportunities. Our youths must be ready to start small, learn the ropes and grow up. Hard work, patience and deep commitment are necessary.ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIESEntrepreneurship tends to be opportunity-driven rather than resource-driven. This is because that once opportunities are identified and properly evaluated resources are deployed to capture them. Opportunity creates or generates its kind of resources.There are thousands of opportunities avail able to would-be entrepreneurs who present high potential for wealth, growth, self-employment, independence, social status, and prestige. The would-be entrepreneur must conduct a thorough scanning and survey of the environment strategically. But if you do not have any readily available opportunity, you can creatively and innovatively come up with one. However, some of the sources of these opportunities could includeSelf-discoveryImprovement in the quality of existing product/ service.Use of an existing product/service in an untapped marketInventionConsultancyTrade magazines, Journal and Business NewspapersSocietal needsSurvey of natural resourcesGovernment Agencies investigate Institutes, Universities, e.t.cSpin-offWork experienceHobby and VocationENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO TRANSFORM CHALLENGES INTO OPPORTUNITIESGENERAL BUSINESS SKILLSEntrepreneurial skills of successful entrepreneurs includeSales and merchandising skillsFinancial Know-how skillsSelf-motivation skillTime man agement skillAdministrative skillSales and marketing skillsTo get the right customers and subsequently make target revenues and clamsInclude communication skillsFinancial know-how skillsTo know how to handle money well. After all, not everybody can effectively manage money.Source and manage funds and coin flowsSelf-motivation skillsInternal locus of controlSelf-starter with a clear desired goal in mindConfidence in yourself and in your ideasDiligent and hardworking spare drive and commitment to set goalsTime management skillsTime is moneyTime is lifeEntrepreneurship opportunity has time-limitTime management is very important for business successSelf-management is very critical for effective time managementTYPES OF BUSINESSES AND TIME MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESHave a time table, schedule of activities to be doneEmploy delegation freely without fearDetermine priorities into urgent and important activities asUrgent activities demand immediate attentionUrgent but not important activitiesNo t urgent but important activitiesNot urgent not importantGive priority to (i) and (iii) because by performing them, time is reduced for activities (ii) and (iii)Manage meetings and relationship with othersAdministrative skillsOrganizing, coordinating, directing, planning and general management, etc.B). TECHNICAL, ANALYTICAL AND HUMAN RELATION SKILLSEntrepreneurs are expected ordinarily to be sound by training normally technically skilled. They must also develop and possess conceptual, analytical and human relation skills to be successful.Others are business planning, idea creation, negotiation, risk summary and management skills etc.C). ICT SKILLSThey must also have computer and information Technology (CIT) skills because of the era we are and the environment they will have to operate.ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITY AND SKILLSS/NENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITYSKILLS AND ATTITUDES1.Business/consultancy in area of professional specialization or working as a contractorGeneral Business skill s such as marketing, time management e.t.cConfidence enthusiasm, hardworking2.Sonet EntrepreneurshipIdea development, leadership, negotiation, planning, organizing, self belief, confidenceGeneral business skill3.IntrapreneurshipIdea development recognizing opportunities for improvementsAlliance building, confidence, leadership4.Non-traditional specialist businessGeneral BusinessIdea development, creativity, confidenceWillingness to work hard5.General Business VenturesIdeas development, creativity, confidence, willingness to work hardGeneral Business skillSource Andrea Developing Entrepreneurship skills in the context of higher education. http//cfiweb.cf.uk/news/past.events/bee/files/Andea. on 16/3/2010DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLSThese could be throughAttending Entrepreneurial training classes, development programme, seminars, workshops, etc.UniversitiesJob rotationSpecial (intensive) trainingArticle ship or apprenticeshipOrganizational learningR D debutConsultantsNational and international agencies and bodiesNGOsProfessional bodiesENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS FACTORSSuccessful entrepreneuring depends on four (4) major factors namelyKnowledgeHard workSkillsAttitude(character/ integrity)Lifematics Question Created by (Izedonmi, 2010)Now let us work out this lifematics question together. There are basically four (4) attributes or factors that can enhance our success in life viz Skills, Knowledge, Hard work and character (Attitude). They are all essential to ingredients of entrepreneurial success. How much does each contribute? Which of these is superior and why? For easy understanding, let us replace character with attitude.SolutionOur current roman alphabets are made up ofA B C D E F G H I J K L M1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26The alphabets together with their numerical values are stated above. permit us take each attribute one after the other and link up the corresponding numerical value. Start with skill, then knowledge follow this with hard work and finally character but remember to substitute attitude for character.Let us replace numeric value to each alphabet and see their results as indicated below(i)S K I L L S19 + 11 + 9 + 12 + 12 + 19 = 82%(ii)K N O W L E D G E11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96 %(iii)H A R D W O R K8 + 1 + 18 + 4 + 23 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 98 %(iv)A T T I T U D E1 + 20 + 20 + 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 + 5 = c %SolutionSkills secure only 82 %, Knowledge 96 %, hard work 98 % and Attitude 100 % in that order. Only Attitude which I equate to character for this purpose secures 100 % success in the race of high profile entrepreneurship.ConclusionI must admit that professional credential is good but character is a lot better. Character is the true collateral security of our values, learning and entrepreneurial success. It keeps the society and system going. It prevents a nation from decaying and checkmates unnecessary crisis and even civil war. Therefore in a ll our entrepreneurial pursuit, character development should be given a prominent place.When character breaks down everything breaks down. True certification in life is only evidenced by character and not papers called certificates or entrepreneurial success alone or quantity of wealth.

How Relevant Are the Early Theories of Le Bon and Freud?

How Relevant Are the Early Theories of Le Bon and Freud?How relevant argon the early theories of Le Bon and Freud in comparison to more contemporary theories of caboodles?One of the early theories of labor demeanour was presented by Gustav Le Bon in 1895, which he referred to as conference mind theory (Le Bon, 1895). He resumeed crowd behaviour as playing according to primitive impulses which are lacking in reasoning and rationality. Le Bon proposed that individuals in a crowd behave in accordance with a rectitude of mental unity of crowds and no longer identify themselves as individuals, instead becoming anonymous members of a multitude who lose their sense of self and responsibilities (Bendersky, 2007). They function easily aroused or agitated, and descend into barbarism whereby individual conscience is over taken by the law of mental unity (Le Bon, 1908). Due to their large numbers and anonymity, the crowd gains a sense of strength and role, leading to a special state, w hich much resembles the state of fascination in which the hypnotised individual finds himslf in the hands of the hypnotiser (Le Bon, 1908 Ginneken, 1992 131), rendering the individual no longer conscious of his actions. Despite its lack of evidence, Le Bons mob psychology became a popular theory and continues to be a partful affectionate influence, including by those in authority (Banyard, 1989).Similarly to Le Bon, Freud (1922) proposed that the collective mind is led almost exclusively by the unconscious. fit in to Freud (1922), the crowd unlocks the individual unconscious mind the super ego, or conscience, which he maintained controls civilised behaviours, is exceeded by the uncivilised id impulses, or instinctual drive part of the psyche, as provoked by the leader of the crowd. Likened to the hypnosis state identified by Le Bon, identification with and desire for approval from the leader suspends the super ego (Freud, 1922) and associated normal judgment sub dues the inter nalised values of right and wrong and impulse control. Interestingly, Freud identifies that crowd members accept the influence of the group due to a need to feel in harmony with the power the group and its leader exerts, observed in later studies of conformity (Hogg Vaughan, 2005). In later years, Freud (1949) moves beyond his basic drive theory towards the acknowledgment and importance of social relationships, much(prenominal) as that of the family, leading to advancements in the area of object relations.Le Bons observations of the behaviour of crowds led to the development of a concept referred to as deindividuation, which was number one introduced in the 1950s (Festinger et al. 1952). While early theories of crowds suggested that they acted as a primitive mob, Deindividuation theory formed a modern counterpart to this idea. Zimbardo (1969) based his approach largely on Le Bons general perspective by proposing that people in crowds experience deindividuation a loss of their ow n personal identity, enabling them to flow anonymously into the crowd. His proposal that this loss of identity means that primitive, uncivilised tendencies emerge and people are then prepared to act in ways that are aggressive, cruel and anti-social, compared to how they may act as individuals, is similar to the early observations and theories put forward by both Le Bon and Freud.Early explanations of the effects of deindividuation suggested that a rock-bottom sense of public accountability weakens the normal restraints against impulsive and aggressive behaviour (Festinger et al. 1952 Zimbardo, 1969). Explanations of deindividuation have however evolved over the decades from a focus on loss to the purpose that cues that are specific to the situation evoke social norms that guide behaviour indoors anonymous groups, leading to a reformulation of the mental processes involved in deindividuation (Diener, 1980). This view holds that situations that reduced public accountability, such as group size (Mann, 1981) and anonymity, do not simply lead to a loss of the salience of peoples personal identities but leads to the loss of objective self-awareness (Diener, 1980). The salience of group identities is enhanced and consequently, individuals in the crowd are more responsive to tensions within the group, increasing the probable for disorder (Schweingruber, 2000). This more recent explanation suggests that these same features of group situations promote greater conformity to situation-specific social norms.Emergent norm theory represented a shift from the earlier theories which focussed on pathological crowd behaviour (Reicher, 2001), by considering crowd behaviour as a norm-governed behaviours which are evident in all types of groups. According to Turner Killian (1972), the fact that a crowd has no formal organisation to regulate behaviour makes it distinctive. The uniformity of the crowd is an illusion created by the distinct actions of prominent crowd members (T urner, 1964). These acts imply a norm, and consequently there is a pressure to conform to these norms, which is likely to increase the potential for antisocial behaviour (Cabinet Office, 2009). Emergent norm theory one of the first to refer to crowd behaviour as normal (Reicher, 2001) and allows seekers to consider collective action and behaviour as normal social processes which possess internal coherence, bound by rules and norms. It does not however account for cultural variations in crowd behaviours (Reicher, 2001).The social identity influence of crowd behaviour is based on social identity theory and self-categorisation theory (Turner et al. 1987). Social Identity Theory ( mount) differs from the other positions, in stressing that control of the crowd occurs via a new shared social identity (Reicher, 1996a Stott Reicher, 1998a) rather than a loss of identity or of control over their behaviours. It proposes that when social identity is salient, group behaviour will occur irres pective of anonymity and that people interact with other people as representatives of their social group, which acts as an interface which shape their interactions (Reicher, 2001). Importantly, SIT proposes that control comes from the individual rather than from pressure from others, so when an individual identifies with the crowd, they accept and adhere to the crowd norms as their own. As with Emergent Theory, the norms are evident in the cultural, ideological, political and situationally constructed norms. The SIT fundamental principle of a shared social identity has remained an important concept in subsequent studies of individual behaviours within crowds.Le Bons early theories about crowd behaviour led to important research within the area of crowd behaviour and remains important due to the influence his perspective has had in later and more recent theories of collective and crowd behaviours. His general perspective was used in the research on deindividuation, which conveys the power of situations in determining peoples behaviour in a variety of large group situations and remains prominent in the study of group behaviour (Reicher et al. 1995). However, it makes implicit value judgements about crowds, dwells on loss, and suggests that people in crowds lose all manner of rational thinking. While it appears that deindividuation plays a role in understanding the antisocial behaviour tendencies of crowds, research into crowds and the way that people in crowds perceive what is happening, suggests that his theory is not as powerful as described. Freuds (1922) mathematical group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is one of his most significant contributions to understanding mass psychology and led to many subsequent studies on mass psychology and group dynamics.More recent studies suggest that crowd behaviour is more rational and structured that it is often presented as being. Contemporary theories of crowd behaviour oust the specifics of these earlier appro aches and instead move this area of study forward by considering how a norm emerges from within the crowd, which enabled social psychologists to view collective behaviour as a social process bound by social norms. Social Identity Theory enables understanding of the order and purpose of the crowd in damage of the common identity of its members. Theories of crowd behaviour, such as SIT (Tajfel Turner, 1979) and deindividuation theory (Festinger et al. 1952) suggest that crowds often behave in a common manner in yielding to the social influence of the crowd (Myers, 2005). Individual crowd members do however differ in their vulnerability to social influence therefore variables within the situational context may influence behavioural outcomes.Theories of crowd behaviours have significantly evolved over the decades since the ideas put forward by Le Bon and Freud. They are not taken into account in the consideration of crowd behaviours in the present time like more contemporary theories s uch as the social identity puzzle of crowd behaviour (Cabinet Office, 2009). However, they do present in the evolution of the associated research in the consideration of the development of the ideas specific to crowd behaviour. With the continued development of theories such as the Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) (Klein et al. 2007), which retains the fundamental principle of anonymity (Cabinet Office, 2009), and the Elaborated Social Identity Model of crowd behaviour (ESIM) (Drury Reicher, 1999), research is beginning to reach an analysis which brings together many levels of explanation, which is needed within the area of crowd behaviour research.

Proof For The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay

Proof For The Existence Of God Philosophy EssayOpinions relatingin favor of and in opposition to the earthly concern of God m opposite been controversial from many years as anticipated by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others. The discussion with reference to the followence of God is very traditional and most argued debates in humankind history. The creative activity of God is a matter of debate in philosophy,thephilosophy of religion, andpopular culture. This report presents the different sides and opinions of philosophers that at different time periods argued about the existence of God and its need as well as the analysis of different views to present the controversial topic in detail.Definition of GodIn coetaneous Western culture, the perception of God norm eachy relates to amonotheistic, superlative, eventual, and personal organism. This view is mostly originated from Christian and Hebrew traditions.Traditional viewportrayed God as having perfection in almost every thing. Many religions and different societies believe that God is a body that nookynot be defined. They alleged that this act can deny the first-class nature of God. Some traditional philosophical approaches defined God as the prime mover or the uncaused cause, the ultimate creator, or a being that than which nothing greater can be conceived. (Steve Rudd, 2012)Arguments for the existence of GodAquinas Five Ways argued that the God exists and its needful to prove this controversy. The summarized points from that literature be discussed on a lower floorTheargument relating unmoved moveremphasized that, we experience motion in the universe from where we assume that on that point exists an initial mover. Aquinas phoneed that the motion is created because of an unmoved intention in that locationfore there must be an unmoved mover.Aquinasanother view discussed that from first causefoundation it is impracticable for an organism to create itself. Therefore, it predicts that there mu st be a first cause that is itself uncaused.The argument fromnecessary beingdecl atomic number 18s that all organisms areconditional which means that they withal have pickax of non existence. Aquinas therefore sets his point that if everything chooses not to exist, then we may not have anything in the universe. But as things exist now, there must exist a being regarded as God withnecessary existence.Aquinasargued from degree of goodness that there are always things that are good or underside from others. He believed that there must be a maximum goodness which causes all goodness.Theteleological argumentasserts the view that unthinking(a) things are ordered to be in position. Aquinas concentrates on the view that unintelligent objects can only be ordered by an intelligent being, which proves that there must be an intelligent being God to move objects to specific purpose.(Theodore Gracyk, 2004)The ontological argument was presented by philosophers includingSt. AnselmandRen Desca rtes. The argument puts forward that the existence of God is obvious and self-evident. The formulation of logic they proposed is presented on a lower floorGod is the greatest conceivable being.It is greater to exist than not to exist.Therefore, God exists.(Oppy and Graham, 1996 revised in 2011)Different philosophers argued that the existence of God in not necessary because there is no proof that if something is predictive or superlative it also exists. The debate was controversial and is also in modern time builds up the arguments to answer that either God exist or not and if its existence is necessary.Arguments from historical events or personagesChristianityandJudaismbelieve that God interfered and shows his existence in almost every specific event and situations in history. Those events and the interference proved that there is empirical evidence that God exists. For example the event of Exodusand the giving of theTen Commandmentsin breast of all the tribes of Israel.The Resurr ection of Jesus argues that there is adequate historical confirmation for resurrection of Jesus to support his asserts to be the son of God which proved the Gods existence.This argument stem from theChristological argument.Islamargued that the revelation of its holy book, theQuran, justifies its heavenly authorship, and thus the existence of God.The bible that is Holy book of Christians argued that there is one mighty and strong being in the universe, which declares the existence of God.(Dr. Andrew Corbett, 2009)Hindu argumentsMost schools of Hinduism believe that there is existence of God but some of them dont believe that. Law of karma provide basis of the existence of God. They believe that the actions of karma are not performed by humans and one own self so there must be an existence of God to control and monitor all karmatic actions. They also believe that fruits of karma are transferred and dispensed through a body that is known as God and thus proved the existence. (Siyam, 20 12)Arguments from testimonyArguments from testimony are based on experience of witnesses, possibly exemplifying the intentions of a specificrevealedreligion.It is the fundamental of rationality that one should accept testimony except there are powerful motives for not doing so.Arguments against the existence of GodEach of the following arguments aims at showing either that a particular subset of gods does not exist through contradictions in arguments or that there is insufficient reason to believe in them. Some arguments are discussed below that present the opposite and inappropriate views relating existence of God. experimental argumentsEmpirical arguments depend onempirical datain order to prove their conclusions.The major arguments can be derived from the traditional and religiousscriptures like the JewishTanakh, theChristianBible, theMuslimQuran,HinduVedas. The understanding of scripture provide basis to the knowledge of Gods existence.The theist arguments relating existence of God and its fundamentals are calledtheodicies.Theargument from nonbelieverscontests the existence of an omnipotent God who wants humans to believe in him by arguing that such a god would do a better job of gathering believers.(Lawrence Croker, 2011)deductive argumentsDeductive arguments attempt to prove their conclusions bydeductive reasoningfrom true premises.TheUltimate Boeing 747 gambitis a counter-argument to theargument from design. The argument rests on the view that there is a causality that creates complex structures and design. So the God, we are talking about, should be as complicated as all things He has created in the universe. This situation also requires a designer. And its designer would also require a designer, ad infinitum. Therefore the views create infinite contradiction that there is a need of another designer to create a complex being.Theomnipotence paradoxrecommends that the perception of anomnipotentbeing is rationally conflicting, for instance, for this pu rpose, questions like is GOD have all the authority? or can a mountain be created by God, so big that it cannot be moved by Himself.The Omniscience paradox demonstrates a different angle of the omnipotence paradox. Omnipotent and omniscience differ with with concept of existence of God.Theproblem of hellis the idea that everlasting damnation for actions committed in a finite existence contradicts Godsomnibenevolenceoromnipresence.A contradictory argument against theCosmological argumenti.e. chicken or egg is based on supposition that things cannot subsist without creators therefore should also apply to God establishment and existence. This also lays foundation that existence of universe as a second cause.Theological noncognitivism also contradict the god-concept by showing that scientific test cannot assure it.This argument says that if God is morally perfect, omniscient and omnipotent, than instead of imperfect human beings, He would have created other morally perfect beings.(Jo hn Shook, 2011)Inductive argumentsInductive arguments predict existence of God based oninductive reasoning.Theatheist-existentialistargument that it is impossible to present existence of a perfect sentient being. It also argued that ifexistence comes onward spirit, itfollows fromthe connotation of the expressionsentient that a sentient being cannot be inclusive or perfect.No reason argument attempts to reveal that an omniscient or omnipotent probably have no reason to do it in this way, especially the creation of universe, as it may likely to have no wants, needs, or desires etc. as these concepts are strictly relevant to human beings. so omnipotent god cannot exist until the universe exists.Since the universe exists, there is a contradiction, and therefore, an The other argument known as historical induction concludes that since most theistic religions all the way through narration and their gods ultimately come to be considered as fictitious or mistaken, all theistic religions, i ncluding contemporary ones, are therefore most likely untrue and incorrect by induction.(John Shook, 2011)Subjective argumentsSimilar to the unobjectivearguments for the existence of God are contradictory with the supernatural that chiefly based on the testimony or experience of witnesses, or the suggestions of arevealedreligionin common.The spectator argument provides trustworthiness to personal witnesses, contemporary and from the past, who disbelieve or strongly doubt the existence of God.The disappointment argument claims that if, when asked for, there is no ocular help from God, there is any reason to believe that there is a God.(John Shook, 2011)ConclusionsConclusions on the existence of God can be categorized along abounding axes, producing a variety of vies about the existence and non existence of God.Theismand atheismare positions of tenet (or lack of it), whileGnosticismandagnosticismare positions of knowledge (or the lack of it)is concerns belief regarding Gods concept ual coherence.Apatheismconcerns belief on the subject of the practical importance of whether God exists or not.The above discussion presents both views of the different philosophers and testimonies relating God existence. The views presented above are justified and contradicted based on different arguments and discussions based on several philosophical authors and religions therefore clearing the views of both sides that either God exist or not exist. The topic is still controversial and several philosophers are still arguing and practice their specific opinions relating this fact.

Lilys Choice in The House of Mirth Essay -- House Mirth Essays

Lilys Choice in The residence of Mirth Near the beginning of The stomach of Mirth, Wharton establishes that Lily would not indeed have cared to marry a man who was merely rich she was secretly ashamed of her mothers crude passion for money (38). Lily, like the laden world she loves, has a strange relationship with money. She needs money to buy the type of life she has been raised to live, and her relative poverty makes her situation precarious. Unfortunately, Lily has not been learn to obtain money through a wide variety of methods. Whartons wealthy socialites do not all procure money in the same modality money can be inherited, earned working in a hat shop, won at cards, traded scandalously between married men and undivided women, or speculated for in the stock market. For Lily, the world of monetary transactions presents formidable difficulties she was born, in a sense, to marry into money, and she cannot seem to come to it any other way. She is incompetent of m astering the world of economic transactions, to the point that a direct exchange is repulsive to her highly specialized nature. Finally, these exchanges and the obstacles they present prove to be the close of her, and Whartons schoolbook joins naturalisms Darwinian rules to an economic world. Whether Lilys death is accidental or a suicide does not really matter in Whartons vision, because the choice facing Lily at the end of the novel--to make a transaction or to make a transaction--necessitates her death. Near the end of the novel, Whartons protagonist must make a choice--but both options are grapheme of the environment in which Lily has not evolved to survive. In Lilys attempt at wage-earning and her moral dilemma regarding Rosedales marria... ...1975. Lyde, Marilyn Jones. Edith Wharton, Convention and Morality in the Work of a Novelist. Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1959. Miller, Mandy. Edith Wharton Page. 19 Nov. 2002 <http//www.Kutztown.edu/faculty/Reag an.Wharton.html>. Pizer, Donald. The Naturalism of Edith Whartons The House of Mirth. Twentieth Century Literature 41.2 (1995) 241-8. Rehak, Melanie. Rev. of The House of Mirth, by Edith Wharton. Amazon.com 28 Oct. 2002 <http//www.amazon.com/execs/obidos/ASIN/055321320/hallbook/>. Ruschmann, Paul. Climbing the Social Ladder...In the Wrong Direction. Rev. of The House of Mirth, by Edith Wharton. Epinions.com 28 Oct. 2002 <http//www.epinions.com/./book-review-6AF6-7A25B6D-39DA>. Wharton, Edith. The House of Mirth. (1905) New York Signet,. 1998.

Langston Hughes :: essays research papers

HOW SHOULD I MAKE MONEY?Businesses nowadays do what they have to do to get the job done, as far as making profit and succeeding in their goals. They complete these goals by any means necessary and in my opinion they should be held responsible for(p) for their actions. Sure what they do can sometime bring in profit, but looking ahead, theyre doing things against public interest and in the long run it lead ruin their companies. They should allow us as a people to know whats going on so we can better informed. In their look what we dont know wont hurt us, but in actuality it does In Friedmans The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits. Friedman argues that the manager is an divisor of the shareholders, responsible mainly for the profit they seek, and for following the rules of society, being both legal and ethical, meaning they there is no fraud or coercion and there is exempt competition. He considers the talk of social responsibility of business to be misgui ded, indicative of a trend toward socialism. He argues that to decide to sacrifice profit for some incorporated social good is to, in effort, collect taxes and decide how they are to be spent, which is reserved for the political process. Non-elected company managers should not be doing this. In business, Friedman believes, people do what they choose to do, while in politics the majority rules. But that political process should be kept to a minimum and kept out of business.Friedman believes this applies also to the newer phenomenon of calling upon stockholders to require corporations to exercise social responsibility. This is just one group trying to get some other people to do what that group considers important. He does allow, though, that a proprietor not a corporation is free to spend his money on good causes, even though it may affect customers, etc., because he has not monopoly. (If it is too costly he will cease to be competitive.)Finally, Friedman believes that some of the social responsibility that is talked about is just window-dressing and serves the interests of the company by enhancing profit. He finds this dishonest but on his own principles he cannot disagree with it, since it is done in the interests of profit.In Christopher D. Stones Why Shouldnt Corporation Be Socially Responsible? Its Stones theory that its not that despite what many persons believe, corporations are by nature irresponsible.